塔式太阳能热发电中熔盐储能材料的筛选

熔盐作为太阳能热发电的储热材料优势明显。随着太阳能热发电电站系统,尤其是塔式电站系统的优势越发显现,对于熔盐工作温度的提升也越来越受到重视。目前在现有电站中主要应用的是硝酸盐,然而硝酸盐的工作温度极限愈发不能满足集热器工作温度升高的需求。介绍了太阳能热发电技术的概念与三种现有形式,并通过对常用熔盐的分析,简要阐述了塔式太阳能热发电系统中熔盐储能材料的筛选方法,以及实验中应注意的事项,并基于现有研究成果以及已实际应用的熔盐的论述与分析,可以认为塔式光热电站的潜力仍然十分巨大,且熔盐的优化仍然有很大空间。     

Laser-treated austenitic steel and nickel alloy for human implants

The recent research in biocompatible materials has been useful in replacing and supporting the fractured natural human bones/joints. Under some condition, negative reaction like release of ions from the bare metal toward the human body fluid leads to corrosion. In this proposed research paper, the biocompatibility of the laser surface-modified austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) and nickel-based superalloy (Inconel 718) was studied. The investigation on laser-modified surfaces is evaluated through electrochemical polarization analysis using simulated body fluid (SBF). The samples subjected to electrochemical polarization analysis were characterized by optical image analysis, SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. It was inferred that laser surface-modified materials provided enhanced corrosion resistance and bare nickel alloy is more susceptible to corrosion by SBF.     

Fracture mechanics modelling of constant and variable amplitude fatigue behaviour of field corroded 7075‐T6511 aluminium

For ageing airframe structures, a critical challenge for next generation linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) modelling is to predict the effect of corrosion damage on the remaining fatigue life and structural integrity of components. This effort aims to extend a previously developed LEFM modelling approach to field corroded specimens and variable amplitude loading. Iterations of LEFM modelling were performed with different initial flaw sizes and crack growth rate laws and compared to detailed experimental measurements of crack formation and small crack growth. Conservative LEFM‐based lifetime predictions of corroded components were achieved using a corrosion modified‐equivalent initial flaw size along with crack growth rates from a constant K_max‐decreasing ΔK protocol. The source of the error in each of the LEFM iterations is critiqued to identify the bounds for engineering application.     

Crack propagation of pipeline steel exposed to a near-neutral pH environment under variable pressure fluctuations

This investigation attempts to understand the corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior of pipeline steels exposed to near-neutral pH environments. The fatigue loading was designed to simulate the underload-type variable amplitude pressure fluctuations found during pipeline operation. The effects of amplitudes (R ratios) of underload and minor cycles were investigated. It has been found from this investigation that the crack growth rate is enhanced significantly through load interaction of the variable amplitude fatigue. The acceleration factor is found to be up to 2.7 and 5.3 for tests in air and in the near-neutral pH solution, respectively. The crack growth rate decreases with R ratios of underload and minor cycles for tests both in air and in near-neutral pH environments. The latter could enhance crack propagation by a factor of up to 11, as compared with the crack growth rate in air. The critical R ratio of minor cycles at which the minor cycles do not contribute to crack propagation through load interaction was determined to be as high as 0.982, which is much lower than the threshold determined by constant amplitude fatigue. This critical R ratio could be utilized to demarcate stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, and should be incorporated as one of the design principles for components/structures subjected to variable amplitude cyclic loading.     

High-pH inclined stress corrosion cracking in Australian and Canadian gas pipeline X65 steels

High-pH stress corrosion cracking is a form of environmental degradation of gas pipeline steels. The crack path is intergranular by nature and typically perpendicular to the maximum applied (hoop) stress (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe outer surface). Some unusual instances of cracks have been observed in Canadian and Australian X65 pipes, where cracks grow away from the perpendicular for considerable distances. This paper presents a comparative study in terms of crack morphology, mechanical properties and crystallographic texture for these Australian and Canadian pipe steels. It is shown that the crack morphologies are quite similar, the main difference being the angle at which the cracks propagate into the material. This difference could be explained by the different through-wall texture and grain aspect ratio measured in the two materials. The interdependency of crack tip plasticity, crack tip electrochemistry and anisotropy in microstructural texture seems to heavily affect the resulting inclined crack path.     

Characterization of Carbonated Beverages Associated to Corrosion of Aluminium Packaging

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the characteristics of commercial soft drinks related with the corrosion process of the aluminium packaging and based on that, propose model solutions for future studies of beverage/package interaction and corrosion process of metal packages. Therefore, the pH, acidity, concentration of chlorides and copper in six types of soft drinks were determined, as well as the corrosion potential of the aluminium and the current density corrosion obtained in polarization curves using the beverages as electrolyte. Based on the results obtained, a solution of citric acid (pH = 3) containing chloride (250 mg/kg) and copper ions (250 µg/kg) is proposed. The obtained results are potentially useful for the industry and future studies regarding the interaction process between soft drinks and aluminium cans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

短时氧化对定向凝固高温合金不同取向腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究定向凝固高温合金不同取向氧化前后的常温腐蚀性能,选择镍基高温合金DZ125和钴基高温合金DZ40M在1050℃下进行不同时间的短时氧化,研究合金不同取向的氧化行为;对氧化前后合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中进行电化学实验,研究氧化对定向凝固高温合金不同取向常温腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:定向凝固高温合金晶界或亚晶界附近容易发生局部腐蚀,纵截面晶界和亚晶界面积分数小,因此耐蚀性优于横截面;与合金横截面相比,纵截面晶界结构不利于扩散,故其氧化速率小于横截面;短时氧化后在合金表面生成分层结构的氧化物,对合金起到保护作用,一定程度上提高耐蚀性。     

冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层在Na_2SO_4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为

利用冷喷涂技术制备CoNiCrAlY涂层,并对涂层进行了真空预氧化处理。结合X射线衍射,扫描电镜,能谱分析等方法研究预氧化处理前后的CoNiCrAlY涂层在900℃的Na2SO4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层含氧量为0.12%(质量分数),孔隙率小于0.28%(体积分数)。真空预氧化处理在涂层表面生成厚约0.26μm连续、致密的α-Al_2O_3氧化膜;喷涂态涂层和预氧化涂层在热腐蚀150h后表面均生成了以α-Al_2O_3为主的致密连续氧化膜,保护了基体免受腐蚀破坏;真空预氧化处理有效减缓了S和O等元素向涂层内扩散的速率,从而提高了涂层的抗Na2SO4熔盐热腐蚀性能;高温热腐蚀对涂层的破坏作用远大于高温氧化。在相同温度下,涂层在单一Na2SO4熔盐中腐蚀时,Al的消耗速率约为高温氧化时的2倍。     

X65管线钢在沉积物下腐蚀与缓蚀剂作用效果

通过电化学阻抗谱和动电位扫描法研究X65管线钢在含氧氯化钠溶液中沉积物对电化学参数的影响。采用电阻法(ER)结合零电阻电流计(ZRA)研究X65钢在沉积物覆盖下的电偶腐蚀行为与不同浓度有机膦缓蚀剂的作用效果。结果表明:X65钢在SiO_2沉积物覆盖时腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀速率降低。当有沉积物覆盖与无沉积物覆盖的电偶试片相连时,X65钢在沉积物下发生阳极极化,阳极电偶电流密度在18h内由120μA/cm~2衰减到50μA/cm~2并保持稳定。依次加入5×10~(-5),8×10~(-5)和3×10~(-4)浓度的PBTCA后,电偶电流在最高升至1300μA/cm~2后逐渐下降并稳定在610μA/cm~2附近,沉积物下X65钢腐蚀速率达到6.11mm/a,PBTCA加速了X65钢在含氧溶液中沉积物下的腐蚀。通过对试片表面进行观察,沉积物下X65钢表面发生了严重的局部腐蚀。